EDS formula is the same.

Fines
Purpose of starter batteries
Theoretical basis for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy
Low battery
Battery charge
Vitrate of main dust control reagents
Electrical power
Internal support
Voltage during charging and discharging
Battery capacity
Energy and tension of the battery

Battery self-discharge

Purpose of starter batteries

The main function of the battery is to reliably start the engine. Another function is an energy buffer when the engine is running. Even with traditional types of companions, there is a lack of additional service devices that improve driving comfort and safety.

The battery compensates for the energy deficit during the hour with a monthly cycle with partial and wasted parts; if a generator can always provide power supply, it is necessary to ensure that all the included companions are fully protected.

The third operating function is energy supply when the engine is running.

However, the use of electrical devices during parking for an hour with a non-working engine (or an engine that idles) can lead to a deep discharge of the battery and a sharp decrease in starter characteristics.

The battery is designated for emergency power supply. If the generator, rectifier, voltage regulator fails, or if the generator belt breaks, you must ensure the operation of all companions necessary for careless roc

to the nearest service station. Also, starter batteries are responsible for the following main problems: Provide the discharge flow required for the starter operation, so that there is a small internal support for minimal internal voltage losses in the middle of the battery;

Ensure the necessary number of tests to start the engine from the installed throttle, so as to provide the necessary supply of energy to the starter discharge;

Mothers get a lot of effort and energy with minimal possible sizes;

ta masi;

Do not require special training for operators or maintenance during operation;

mothers have a high mechanical value, which supports the minds of exploitation;

Preserve the specified operating characteristics during the three-hour period of operation (term of service);

Volodya with insignificant self-discharge;

Mother is not very good.

Theoretical basis for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy

A chemical reactor is a device in which, through the passage of space between oxidative and chemical reactions, its free energy is converted into electrical energy.

Based on the nature of the work, these devices are divided into two groups:

Primary chemical elements and galvanic elements; Secondary dzherela or.

electric batteries

The first devices allow only one-time use, fragments of speech that are created for their discharges, it is impossible to know the transformation on the output active materials.

A completely discharged galvanic element, as a rule, is inoperable until further operation - it results in an irrevocable waste of energy.

The secondary chemical jets are the current and the reverse energy jets - after a deep discharge, their effectiveness can be restored to a charge.

To do this, it is enough to pass an electric stream through the secondary core in the same direction as the one in which it flowed during the discharge.

In practice, electrochemical changes are subject to less speech than Faraday’s laws - when a stream is passed through, in addition to the main electrochemical reactions, other parallel or secondary (side) reactions are observed, to change the mass of products and reactions.

For the appearance of the influx of such reactions, the understanding of the exit stream is prohibited.

The output of the stream is that part of the electrical energy that has passed through the system, which is part of the main analyzed electrochemical reaction.

Low battery Active speeches charged lead battery

, which takes part in the process of creation, e:

On the positive electrode – lead dioxide (dark brown color);

On the negative electrode - lipid lead (gray color);

Electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid.

Some of the acid molecules in aqueous plants are always dissociated into positively charged water ions and negatively charged sulfate ions.

Lead, which is the active mass of the negative electrode, is often dissolved in the electrolyte and is oxidized due to the creation of positive ions.

The excess electrons that have accumulated in this case impart a negative charge to the electrode and begin to flow along the closed path of the outer lance to the positive electrode.

Positively charged lead ions react with negatively charged sulfate ions, forming lead sulfate, which may be insignificant and is therefore deposited on the surface of the negative electrode.

During the process of discharging the battery, the active mass of the negative electrode is converted from spongy lead to acidic lead and changing the gray color to light gray.

As a result of battery discharge, the active materials of both the positive and negative electrodes are converted to lead sulfate.

When the lead sulfate is dissolved, sulfuric acid is consumed and water is created from the ions that have accumulated to reduce the strength of the electrolyte during discharge.

Battery charge In the electrolyte, both electrodes are present in in small quantities

They contain lead sulfate and water.

When the voltage is injected into the steady stream, the battery that is being charged is inserted into the lance that is being charged, and the electronics are installed in the outer lance until the battery is negatively discharged.

The divalent ions of lead at the negative electrode are neutralized (reintegrated) by two electrons that are found, converting the active mass of the negative electrode into metallic parts of lead.

They, which have lost their strength, dissolve sulfuric acid.

At the positive electrode, under the action of the charging stream, the divalent ions give two electrons to lead, which are oxidized into the cotivalent one.

The remainder, combining through intermediate reactions with two acid ions, creates lead dioxide, which is visible on the electrode.

They, just like the negative electrode, dissolve sulfuric acid, as a result of which, when charging, the strength of the electrolyte increases.

When the process of reconversion of the compounds in the active masses of the positive and negative electrodes is completed, the strength of the electrolyte ceases to change, which indicates that the battery has completed charging.

When the charge is continued further, the second process begins - electrolytic dispensing of water into the sour and water.

Seen from the electrolyte like a bulb of gas, the stench creates the effect of intense boiling, which also signifies the completion of the charging process.

Vitrate of main dust control reagents To obtain a capacity of one ampere-year when the battery is discharged, it is necessary for the reaction to take part: active materials that take part in the flow process.

Approximately half of the surface of the active mass is inaccessible to the electrolyte, so the fragments serve as the basis for creating a porous volumetric frame that ensures the mechanical strength of the material.

Therefore, the real coefficient of viscosity of the active mass of the positive electrode should be 45-55%, and the negative one 50-65%.

In addition, as an electrolyte, it contains 35-38% sulfuric acid.

Therefore, the value of real power consumption of materials is significant, and the real values ​​of power capacity and power energy are significantly lower, lower than theoretical.

Electrical power

The electrodestroying force (EPC) of the battery E is the difference in its electrode potentials measured when the external circuit is open.

EPC batteries, which consist of n batteries connected in series.

The equal EPC of the battery and the uneven EPC of the battery are separated over the course of an hour from the release of the lance until the equal state is established (the period of overcoming the transition process).

EPC is measured with a high-resistance voltmeter (internal reference not less than 300 Ohm/V).

To do this, connect a voltmeter to the battery terminals.

In this case, the charging or discharging circuit is not to blame for leaking through the battery.

It is equally important for the EPC of a lead battery, as well as any chemical source, to remain in the presence of chemical and physical influences that take part in the flow-creating process, and not at all to be deposited in the size in the same form of electrodes, as well as the number of active masses and electrolyte.

The internal support of one battery and the voltage of the battery, which consists of many consecutively connected batteries, is slightly different from the charged state of every thousandth of an ohm.

However, the discharge process completely changes.

The electrical conductivity of the active masses changes approximately 20 times for the positive electrode, and 10 times for the negative electrode.

The electrical conductivity of the electrolyte also changes depending on the thickness. With an increase in the strength of the electrolyte from 1.00 to 1.70 g/cm3, its electrical conductivity initially increases to a maximum value, and then changes again..

As the battery discharges, the density of the electrolyte decreases from 1.28 g/cm3 to 1.09 g/cm3, which leads to a decrease in electrical conductivity by as much as 2.5 times.

As a result, the current load on the battery worldwide will increase.

In the discharged station, the value reaches a value that is less than 2 times greater than the value in the charged station.

When the battery is fully charged, the temperature is set and the battery is charged.

When the temperature drops, the pet's fruit grows and at a temperature of -40 °C it grows approximately 8 times larger, and at +30 °C. The operating capacity of separators also increases sharply with temperature decreases, and the temperature range increases by up to 4 times. The water and sour ions that appear in the electrolyte create an even greater difference in the potentials of different electrodes.

This causes the charging voltage to increase rapidly, which accelerates the process of discharging water.

They are aqueous and sour, which are created during this process, do not interact with active materials.

The smells recombine at the neutral molecule and are seen from the electrolyte in the form of gas bubbles (on the positive electrode one can see sour, on the negative - water), causing “boiling” to the electrolyte.

If you continue the charging process, you can see that an increase in the power of the electrolyte and the charging voltage is practically applied, so that all the lead sulfate has already reacted, and all the energy that is supplied to the battery is now drained There is only room for a side process - electrolytic expansion of water.

This explains the level of the charging voltage, which is one of the signs that the charging process is complete.

When the discharge is applied, the voltage at the battery terminals rapidly moves up to the amount of ohmic consumption, reaching the value of the unimportant EPC.

Further changing the EPC after checking the concentration of the electrolyte in the pores of the active parts of the battery leads to a stepwise establishment of the value of the equal EPC.

The battery voltage during discharge is determined mainly by the temperature of the electrolyte and the strength of the discharge stream.

As has been said above, the power of a lead accumulator (battery) is insignificant and when charged becomes less than a few miles.

However, when the starter discharge flows, the force of which exceeds the value of the nominal capacity 4-7 times, the internal voltage drop rapidly flows into the discharge voltage.

The increase in power consumption due to lower temperatures is associated with an increase in the support of the electrolyte.

In addition, the viscosity of the electrolyte sharply increases, which complicates the process of its diffusion in the pores of the active mass and promotes concentration polarization (which increases the voltage consumption in the middle of the battery decrease in the concentration of electrolyte in the pores of the electrodes).

At a flow rate of over 60 A, the voltage distribution in the power flow is practically linear at all temperatures.

The average value of the battery voltage during charging and discharging is determined as the arithmetic mean value of the voltage measured at equal intervals of an hour.

To increase the capacity in 1 A-year, as indicated above, theoretically you need 4.463 g of lead dioxide, 3.886 g of spongy lead and 3.66 g of sulfuric acid.

The theoretical value of the vitrat of active oil electrodes is 8.32 g/Ag.

In real batteries, the consumption of active materials in a 20-year discharge mode and an electrolyte temperature of 25 °C becomes 15.0 to 18.5 g/A-year, which indicates a vicorization coefficient of active materials of 45-55%.

Also, the actual amount of active mass exceeds the theoretical values ​​by 2 or more times.

The following basic factors are added to the stage of increasing the active mass and the value of the discharge capacity.

Electrolyte strength.

The term of its service is added to the battery capacity.

With increased electrolyte strength, the capacity of positive electrodes increases, and the capacity of negative ones, especially at temperature, decreases due to accelerated passivation of the electrode surface.

Increased power also negatively affects the service life of the battery due to the acceleration of corrosion processes on the positive electrode.

Electrolyte temperature.

With this reduction, the discharge capacity of the batteries changes.

The reason for this is a shift in the viscosity of the electrolyte and its electrical support, which increases the fluidity of diffusion of the electrolyte at the pores of the active mass.

On the other hand, with a decrease in temperature, the processes of passivation of the negative electrode are accelerated.

The temperature coefficient of the capacity shows the change in capacity in the tanks when the temperature changes by 1 °C.

When testing, equalize the discharge capacity measured during the normal discharge mode with the value of the nominal capacity, which is indicated at an electrolyte temperature of +25 °C.

The temperature of the electrolyte at the specified capacity in the trival discharge mode is likely to be within the range of +18 to +27 °C.

The parameters of the starter discharge evaluate the trivality of the discharge in the coils and the voltage on the cob of the discharge.

These parameters are determined on the first cycle at +25 °C (verification for dry-charged batteries) and on subsequent cycles at temperatures of -18 °C or -30 °C.

Charge level.

With higher charge levels, the capacity increases and reaches its maximum value when the batteries are recharged.

Energy and tension of the battery

This is also called a decrease in battery capacity when the external power supply is open, or in case of inactivity.

This phenomenon is caused by oxidative processes that spontaneously occur on both negative and positive electrodes.

The negative electrode is especially susceptible to self-discharge due to the rapid destruction of lead (negative active mass) in the form of sulfuric acid.

The self-discharge of the negative electrode is accompanied by gas-like water.

The liquidity of the volatile lead significantly increases with the increased concentration of the electrolyte.

By increasing the thickness of the electrolyte from 1.27 to 1.32 g/cm3, the self-discharge rate of the negative electrode increases by 40%.

The presence of deposits of rare metals on the surface of the negative electrode is a significant influx (catalytic) due to the increased fluidity of self-disintegrating lead (due to a decrease in the overvoltage of water).

Almost all metals that appear in batteries, electrolytes and separators, or when special additives are introduced, contribute to increased self-discharge.

By scrubbing the surface of the negative electrode, the stench goes away and the water appears in your mind.

Some of the compounds (metal salts with variable valence) act as charge carriers from one electrode to another.

Self-discharging can also occur if the battery is clogged or flooded with electrolyte, water or other liquids that can create a discharge through the electrically conductive fluid between the poles of the battery or its jumpers.

This type of self-discharge does not dissipate from a normal discharge even in small streams with a closed external lance and is easy to put down.

For this purpose it is necessary to keep the surface of the batteries clean.

The self-discharge of batteries depends significantly on the temperature of the electrolyte.

With lower temperatures, self-discharge changes.

At temperatures below 0 ° C, new batteries practically die.

Therefore, it is recommended to preserve batteries when charging at low temperatures (up to -30 °C).

During operation, self-discharge ceases to be constant and increases sharply until the end of the service term.

A decrease in self-discharge is possible due to the increase in overvoltage and sourness and water on battery electrodes.

For this purpose, it is necessary, first of all, to vicorize pure materials for the production of batteries, replace carbon dioxide instead of alloying elements in battery alloys, vikorist only

disables the possibility of short circuits between different electrodes during operation.

However, such reliability is lost due to possible failures in the robot’s possession during the hour of mass proliferation.

If such a defect appears within the first month of operation, the battery must be replaced under warranty.

The degree of self-discharge is reflected in the hundreds of capacities consumed during the installation period.

According to the current standards, self-discharge is also characterized by the voltage of the starter discharge at -18 °C after testing: inactivity of 21 dB at a temperature of +40 °C.

In the early days of the world's rich scientists, the EU needs a formula for various problems.

Experiments related to this will also require information about electrical destructive power.

It’s not so easy for people who are beginning to understand what it is.

EDS value formula

We'll figure out what's planned first.

What does this abbreviation mean? EPC or electrical power is a parameter that characterizes the work of any forces of a non-electrical nature that are used by the Lanzugs, which maintain power both permanently and changeably throughout the day.

In the integrated jet-conducting circuit EPC, the traditional work of these forces is carried out by moving a single positive (positive) charge throughout the entire circuit. Below is the EU formula. Ast means the work of external forces in joules. « q is the charge that is transferred in coulombs.

Outside forces

– in order to create a polarity of charges in a device, the result is a difference in potential at its poles.

For this purpose, there is one dimensionvolt.

Represented in formulas by the letter

Approximately half of the surface of the active mass is inaccessible to the electrolyte, so the fragments serve as the basis for creating a porous volumetric frame that ensures the mechanical strength of the material. E".As long as there is no current in the battery, there is an electrical failure with high voltage at the poles.:

EPC induction:

EPC induction in the circuit, which may

N

vitkiv:

The hour of collapse is approaching:

induction in a circuit that turns in a magnetic field with fluidity

1. w
2. Value table

A simple explanation of electrical destructive force

We first connect the energy source to the lancet.

I definitely lock it.

For example, we insert the battery into the light and soak it in.

First of all, we respect that the device burns brightly.

• After about an hour, your brightness will noticeably decrease.
• Then the electrodestroying power changed (it flowed as if it were equal to the water in the water).

If I bring a water pump into the butt, then the EPC is a pump that pumps water into the tank steadily.

And it will never end there.

1. EMF of a galvanic cell - formula
2. The electrical destructive power of a battery can be calculated in two ways:
3. Vikonati rozrakhunok iz zastosuvannya rіvnyanya Nernst. It is necessary to develop the electrode potentials of the skin electrode that enters the GE. Then calculate the EPC using the formula.
4. Applying the EPC to the Nernst formula for the total struma solves the reaction that occurs during the operation of the GE.
5. In this way, using these formulas, it will be easier to understand the electrical destructive power of the battery.

Where are vikoristovuyutsya rizne vidi EPC?

1. The piezoelectric material stiffens when the material is stretched or squeezed.
2. In addition to this, quartz energy generators and various sensors are produced.
3. The chemical is used in batteries.
4. Do not violate the safety precautions specified in the maintenance procedures when using equipment that is used for maintenance and testing of rechargeable batteries.
5. Smoking or exposure to hot flames near the battery is strictly prohibited.

More precise maintenance of the battery

Precise technical maintenance of the rechargeable battery depends on checking the cleanliness of the battery case and, if necessary, adding to it clean water.

All battery manufacturers recommend using distilled water for this purpose, but in any case you can use pure drinking water with a low salt content.

Shards of water are a single component of the rechargeable battery; adding acid to the rechargeable battery is not allowed.

Some of the water from the electrolyte is vaporized during the charging and discharging of the battery, and the acid contained in the electrolyte is lost in the battery.

Do not refill the battery with electrolyte, because in this case normal bubbling (gassing) occurs in the electrolyte during operation of the battery, bringing the electrolyte to a current, which causes corrosion of the terminals rechargeable battery, mounting brackets and pallet.

Fill the batteries with electrolyte until they are approximately one-half inch (3.8 cm) below the top of the filler neck.

Approximately half of the surface of the active mass is inaccessible to the electrolyte, so the fragments serve as the basis for creating a porous volumetric frame that ensures the mechanical strength of the material. The contacts of the life cables that are connected to the battery and the terminals of the battery itself must be inspected and cleaned to prevent voltage drop on them.

It is important to determine the size of the EPC based on the electrode potentials, then. from the physical and chemical influences of the materials involved in the manufacture of the plates and the electrolyte, so as not to lie in the dimensions of the battery plates. EPC

acid battery lie also in the thickening of the electrolyte. Elimination of electrical destructive force(ERS) rechargeable battery with the help of a voltmeter in a simple way the designated stage of charge. EPC battery The battery is not an indicator that guarantees the performance of the rechargeable battery, but this parameter further characterizes the performance of the rechargeable battery, but not simply at a glance.

Rechargeable battery, like from the outside looking in It’s entirely practical; in reality it may not turn out to be as bad as it seems.

1. This check is called voltage adjustment in mode
2. idle (by checking the EPC) of the rechargeable battery so that the vibration is carried out at the terminals of the rechargeable battery without a voltage connected to it, at zero voltage. If the check is carried out immediately after the battery has been charged, or in the car after the trip has been completed, it is necessary to change the battery to EPC polarization before testing.
3. EPC polarization - this is moved, equalized with normal voltage, as it arises only on the surface of the battery plates.
4. EPC polarization is clearly known when the battery is operating under pressure, but it does not provide an accurate assessment of the state of charge of the battery.

To replace the battery with EPC polarization, turn the headlights to

Small

The voltmeter shows the battery voltage through one line after the headlights are turned on.

After the headlights went dark, the voltage on the battery quickly increased to 12.6 V (b)

NOTE

If the voltmeter shows a negative reading, then the battery is charged in reverse polarity (and therefore requires replacement), and the voltmeter connects to the battery in reverse polarity.

• Voltage variation of the rechargeable battery under pressure
• One of the most accurate ways to determine the performance of a rechargeable battery is to vary the voltage of the rechargeable battery under pressure.

Most testers of the starting and charging characteristics of automobile batteries use a carbon rheostat to determine the voltage of the battery.

Small

The tester for starting and charging characteristics of automobile batteries, manufactured by Bear Automotive, automatically turns on the battery that is being tested in the operating mode under pressure for 15 seconds - to detect EPC polarization, then turns on the battery. for 30 seconds to renew the battery and reconnect for seconds .

The voltmeter shows the battery voltage through one line after the headlights are turned on.

The tester display displays information about the state of the battery

Small

Tester VAT 40 (voltammeter, model 40) from Sun Electric, with connections to the battery for testing under conditions.

The operator, using an additional voltage regulator, sets the value of the current discharge according to the ammeter readings, which is equal to half of the nominal SSA current of the rechargeable battery.

The battery operates under voltage for 15 seconds and after the end of that hour, the battery voltage, measured when the voltage is connected, must be no lower than 9.6 V These testers measure the battery capacity to determine the level of charge and efficiency of the battery. Follow the verification procedure set by the tester.

It is important to remember that it may take a year or more to charge a completely discharged battery.

• It is first necessary to maintain the charging line at approximately 35 A with a length of 30 lines in order to lighten the charge of the rechargeable battery.
• The accelerated battery charging mode causes increased heating and increased risk of warping of the battery plates.

In the accelerated charging mode, there is also greater gasification (seeing water and sourness), which creates health and employment problems.

Battery temperature must not exceed 125°F (52°C, battery hot). It is recommended, as a rule, to charge rechargeable batteries using a charging strum, which is equal to 1% of the rated value of the CCA-strum. Fast charging mode – maximum 15 A Standard charging mode - maximum 5 A This can happen with every skin!

Vlasnik Toyota cars by disconnecting the battery.

After connecting the new battery, please note that

Small

The axis was filled with thoughts. The technician created a battery for backup memory from an old battery lighter and a cable with an adapter to the cigarette lighter socket.

You just need to touch the arrows to the battery terminals of the battery cleaner that you have.

The driver's battery should be used more handily, especially a 9-volt battery - just in case anyone is tempted to open the car doors at a time when the backup memory is switched on.

The 9-volt battery has a small capacity, in which case it was quickly discharged, at which time the capacity of the battery is high and it is necessary to turn on the memory food EPC battery (Electrodestroying power).
This is the difference in electrode potentials depending on the current state of the planet. EPC battery (Electrodestroying power) The electrode potential consists of equal electrode potential.

V characterizes the state of the electrode at the state of calm, both the intensity of electrochemical processes and the polarization potential, which is determined as the difference in the potentials of the electrode during charging (discharging) and daily life of Lanczyg.

The process of diffusion.
The strength of the electrolyte in the pores of the electrodes and the empty monoblock will remain calm and equal to the EPC.

When an accumulator or charge is connected, the polarization of the plates and the concentration of the electrolyte in the pores of the electrodes change. This will lead to a change in the EPC. When charging, the EPC value increases, and when discharging, it changes.

This results in a change in the strength of the electrolyte, which takes part in electrochemical processes.

The voltage of the battery, in accordance with the amnesty and power of the electrolyte, allows you to generate a replacement for the battery.

behind the voltage

car battery

you can judge the level of his charge.

If you want to stay aware of the battery and take proper care of it, you definitely need to learn how to control the voltage.

Tim more, but it’s not at all awkward.

We will try to clearly explain how to do it and what tools are needed.

First of all, we need to understand the concepts of voltage and electrical rupture force (EPC) of a car battery.

Voltage measurements are based on devices such as a voltmeter or a multimeter. In the battery, the EPC value depends on the strength and temperature of the electrolyte. With increased power of the electrolyte, the EPC voltage increases.

For example, with an electrolyte strength of 1.27 g/cm 3 and a temperature of 18 C, the voltage of the battery bank reaches 2.12 volts.

And for a rechargeable battery, which consists of six elements, the voltage value will be 12.7 volts.

This is the normal voltage of the car battery, which is being charged and does not fail under pressure.

Please read the material about those who... However, by using additional voltage, you can now determine the level of charge of the battery. Below is a table of the charge level of the battery, in which the values ​​of voltage, strength and freezing temperature of the electrolyte are determined depending on the battery charge.

Battery charge level, %

Electrolyte thickness, g/div.

cube

(+15 degrees Celsius)

To test the voltage with a multimeter, you need to switch it to the voltage test mode, and then connect the probe to the battery.

The battery is to blame for any problems with the car or with any damage.

In this case, the vicinity is carried out on an open-loop. The red probe goes to the positive side, the black one goes to the negative side. The voltage value will be shown on the display.

If you mix up the probes, nothing bad will happen.

Just a multimeter will show negative voltage values.

• Read the report from the statistics for the indicated instructions.
• Another accessory like a fork.
• They can also be subject to voltage loss.
• For this purpose, use a voltmeter in the vehicle.

What is even more useful for us is that the vantage plug allows you to control the battery voltage in a closed loop with a support.

Based on these readings, you can judge who has the battery.